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The BIOS program on the BIOS chip reads information from the CMOS chip when the computer is starting up, during the boot up process. You may notice on the initial start up screen, called the POST screen, an option is available to enter the BIOS or CMOS setup. When you enter this setup area, you are entering the CMOS setup, not the BIOS setup. The BIOS chip and program cannot be updated directly by a user. The only way to update the BIOS is using a BIOS flash program called a BIOS update, which updates the BIOS to a different version. These updates usually are provided by either the motherboard manufacturer or the computer manufacturer.

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An ATX computer motherboard with labeled parts.

ATX motherboard legend

1.  Processor socket
2.  Chipset
3.  RAM slots
4.  AGP graphic card slot
5.  PCI slots
6.  CNR modem slot
7.  Audio chip
8.  I/O chip
9.  BIOS
10. ATX power connector
11. Floppy drive connector
12. ATA connectors
13. Connectors for buttons,
    indicator lights etc.

The external ports (connections) are along the top edge (right hand side). A face-on view is shown below.

Form Factor (e.g. ATX , micro ATX)

ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) is a full size board measuring 12" wide by 9.6" deep. ATX has 6-pin mini keyboard connector. Also, it has double row single power supply connector providing +/-5V, +/-12V, and +3.3V.
MicroATX is a small motherboard size of 9.6" x 9.6". Compared to full size ATX, microATX have smaller number of  I/O slots. For example, full ATX can have 5 PCI slots, whereas MicroATX can have up to 3/4 PCI stots only. The chief advantages over ATX is reduced size, and power requirements.

Components 

• Integrated I/Os (e.g. sound, video, USB, serial, IEEE 1394 / firewire, parallel, NIC, modem)
• Memory slots (e.g. RIMM, DIMM)
• Processor sockets
• External cache memory
• Bus architecture
• Bus slots (e.g. PCI, AGP, PCIe, AMR, CNR)
• EIDE / PATA, SATA
• SCSI Technology

 

1.  SCSI-1
2.  SCSI-2
3.  SCSI-3
4.  Ultra-2
5.  Ultra-3
6.  Ultra-320
7.  Ultra-640
8.  iSCSI
9.  Serial SCSI

• Maximum throughput (MB/sec)
• Maximum cable length, and
• Maximum number of devices that could be connected.

Serial ATA (SATA):

Memory Slots/Modules:

Dual In-Line Memory Modules (DIMM):

DIMMs are very similar to SIMMs. The major difference is that a DIMM has two different signal pins on each side of the module as shown in the figure. One big advantage of DIMM is that only one module can be inserted into the motherboard, whereas you need two SIMMs (paired) when working with 64-bit microprocessors like Pentium II and above. Since SIMM provides only 32-bit bus, you need to use 2-SIMMs paired together with any modern 64-bit processor.

Rambus In-Line Memory Module (RIMM):

Rambus inline memory modules (RIMMs) use Rambus Dyamic RAM (RDRAM) chips.

Double Data Rate:

DDR modules are also called DIMMs (Dual-In-Line-Memory Module). A typical DDR module (DIMM) is shown above. The DIMM package using DDR is twice as fast as the one using SDRAM.

Micro Processors, and Socket Types:

Micro processor, also called CPU (Central Processing Unit), is a major component of a micro computer. We discuss various CPUs starting from Pentium IV, and onwards.

• Socket 478
• Socket A
• Slot A
• Slot 2

Socket 478:

Socket 478 is a PGA socket used by Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor family (not all P IV family processors support Socket 478)..
Front Bus Frequencies: 400 MHz - 800 MHz (100 MHz - 200 MHz QDR)
Socket size: 1.38" x 1.38" (3.5 x 3.5 cm)
Number of contacts: 478

Compatible package types:

478-pin micro FC-PGA
478-pin micro FC-PGA2

Compatible processors:

Processors Intel Pentium 4 (1.4 - 3.4 GHz)
Intel Celeron (1.7 - 3.2 GHz)
Celeron D (to 3.2 GHz)
Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (3.2, 3.4 GHz)
This socket has currently been replaced with socket 775.

Socket A (Socket 462):

Socket A (also called Socket 462) is a PGA socket compatible with AMD K7 family of processors.
Bus Frequencies: 100 MHz, 133 MHz, 166 MHz and 200 MHz
Number of contact pins: 462 pin holes

Compatible Processors include the following:

AMD Athlon (650 MHz - 1400 MHz)
AMD Athlon XP (1500+ - 3300+)
AMD Duron (600 MHz - 1800 MHz)
AMD Sempron (2000+ - 3300+)
AMD Athlon MP (1000 MHz - 3000+)

Compatible package types:

462-pin ceramic Pin Grid Array (PGA) package, 462-pin organic PGA.

Slot A:

Slot A is used by AMD's Athlon family of processors. It has 242 contacts, physically similar to that of Intel's Slot 1. But Slot A is electrically different from that of Slot 1.

Slot 2:

Slot 2 is a 330 contact version of Slot 1. Intel's Xeon processor uses Slot 2. The Slot 2 cartridge may house as many as four processors and an L2 cache.

BIOS / CMOS / Firmware

BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. It contains basic instructions to interact with various hardware modules such as Motherboard controllers or that of interface cards. BIOS is the software that is run by a computer when first powered on.
A computer motherboard inevitably contains a BIOS chip in the form of an onboard PROM, EPROM or flash memory.  When the computer is powered on, it performs diagnostic tests on the computer hardware devices such as hard drive, FDD, and memory. It searches for other BIOS's on the plug-in boards, and takes care of them. It then loads the operating system and passes control to OS. The BIOS accepts requests from the drivers as well as the applications as shown in the figure below.
BIOS is also known as PC firmware because it is an integral part of the motherboard.
Firmware on adapter cards: A computer can contain several BIOS firmware chips. The motherboard BIOS is normally used to access basic hardware components such as the keyboard, floppy drives, and hard disk controllers. Adapter cards such as SCSI, RAID, and video boards may include their own BIOS software.
Firmware generally available in different forms:
1. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM), for updating a BIOS firm using EPROM, you may need to get a new chip from the manufacturer.
2. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM), you can update a BIOS firmware using EEPROM using "boot to floppy", and running the Firmware update program.
3. Flash ROM - faster at rewriting the chip
A typical BIOS chip used on motherboards is shown in the figure below. Though it is a square-type PLCC package, BIOS chips come in different forms. Figure 2 shows the BIOS after insertion into the socket.:

Chipsets

Riser card 

Daughter board

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Components za motherboard  zimepewa namba ambazo zina maelezo chini ya picha hizi

1. Back Panel Connectors & Ports

Connectors and ports for connecting the computer to external devices such as display ports, audio ports, USB ports, Ethernet ports, PS/2 ports etc. See image below for a close-up view. For details on the individual back panel ports,

2. PCI Slots 3. PCI Express x1 Slots 4. PCI Express x16 Slot 5. Northbridge 6. CPU Socket 7. ATX 12V Power Connector

PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect Slot for older expansion cards such as sound cards, network cards, connector cards. See image below for a close-up view. Have been largely replaced by PCI-Express x1 slots (see motherboard parts #3 below). Slot for modern expansion cards such as sound cards, network cards (Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Bluetooth), connector cards (USB, FireWire, eSATA) and certain low-end graphics cards. See image below for a close-up view. Slot for discrete graphic cards and high bandwidth devices such as top-end solid state drives. See image below for a close-up view. Also known as Memory Controller Hub (MCH). Chipset that allows the CPU to communicate with the RAM and graphics card. Beginning from the Sandy Bridge generation of Intel CPUs, motherboards no longer have this component as it has been integrated within the CPU itself. Insert CPU here. To learn how to install a CPU, Connects to the 4-pin power cable of a power supply unit which supplies power to the CPU.

8. Front Panel USB 2.0 Connectors 9. Front Panel Connectors 10. IDE Connector 11. CMOS Battery 12. Southbridge 13. SATA Connectors 14. Fan Headers 15. RAM Slots 16. ATX Power Connector

Connects to USB 2.0 ports at the front or top of a computer case. See image above for a close-up view. Connects to the power switch, reset switch, power LED, hard drive LED and front audio ports of a computer case. See image above for a close-up view. For more details on the individual front panel ports,   Connects to older hard drive disks and optical drives for data transfer. See image above for a close-up view. Have been replaced over by SATA connectors (see motherboard components #13 below). Supplies power to store BIOS settings and keep the real-time clock running. See image above for a close-up view. The CMOS battery found on most motherboards is the CR2032 lithium coin cell. Also known as the Input/Output Controller Hub (ICH). Chipset that allows the CPU to communicate with PCI slots, PCI-Express x 1 slots (expansion cards), SATA connectors (hard drives, optical drives), USB ports (USB devices), Ethernet ports and on-board audio. Connects to modern hard disk drives, solid state drives and optical drives for data transfer. See image above for a close-up view.   Supplies power to the CPU heat sink fan and computer case fans. See image above for a close-up view. Insert RAM here. To learn how to install RAM   Connects to the 24-pin ATX power cable of a power supply unit which supplies power to the motherboard.

17. mSATA Connector 18. Front Panel USB 3.0 Connector 19. Power & Reset Button

Connects to a mSATA solid state drive. In most cases, this SSD is used as cache to speed up hard disk drives, but it's possible to re-purpose it as a regular hard drive. Connects to USB 3.0 ports at the front or top of the computer case.   Onboard button to turn on, turn off and reboot the computer. This motherboard component is more common among high end boards.

REFERENCE  

 http://www.buildcomputers.net/motherboard-components.html#sthash.ZJVMLlDE.dpuf